Bruxelles, 18 aprilie
Europarlamentarul PSD Gabriela Creţu a abordat, joi seara, tema migraţiei creierelor din Europa Centrală şi de Est, în cadrul unui eveniment organizat de prestigiosul think-tank "European Policy Center". Doamna Creţu a fost vorbitor principal la conferinţa "De le migraţia creierelor la câştigarea acestora? Impactul liberei circulaţii a muncitorilor din Europa Centrală şi de Est".
În cadrul evenimentului, care a vizat evaluarea impactului economic şi social al migraţiei din Europa Centrală şi de Est asupra ţărilor de origine, eurodeputata social-democrată a făcut o analiză a:
● persoanelor care părăsesc ţara, cu accent pe profesiile cele mai susceptibile de a fi vizate de migraţia creierelor;
● numărul celor care părăsesc ţările de origine pentru a lucra în afară;
● destinaţiile favorite pentru migraţie;
● motivaţia migraţiei;
● pericolelor şi consecinţelor asupra ţărilor de origine.
"Nu există un sistem omogen de statistici al numărului şi caracteristicilor migranţilor internaţionali, iar motivele plecării acestora din ţările de origine sunt atât economice cât şi, de multe ori, politice, sociale sau culturale. Pericolul major pentru ţările pe care le părăsesc rămâne posibilitatea ca aceştia să nu se mai întoarcă, lipsind astfel statele de origine de cea mai valoroasă resursă economică: oamenii capabili", a subliniat doamna Creţu.
Iată textul interventiei doamnei Gabriela Creţu (în limba enegleză):
IS BRAIN DRAIN A BRAIN TRANSFUSION?
NOT ALWAYS
Who leaves the country?!
Physicians, academics, researchers, IT specialists, engineers, business executives and managers, but also nurses and workers who are highly skilled in constructions and industry. In many countries, up to 70 per cent of the skilled professionals have left their jobs. We cannot find a good plumber anywhere, or an electrician, a nurse, a receptionist, a chef, or even a baby-sitter. Most of them are young (aged 25-40).
How many leave the country?
Unfortunately, attempts to answer this question quickly come up against an alarming barrier: there is no homogenous system of statistics on the number and characteristics of international migrants. Moreover, the countries of origin do not usually keep track of emigrants' characteristics, and, even if some receiving countries do, their definitions of immigration differ.
Where do they go?!
To North America and Canada; during the past few years, they prefer the more developed Western states of the European Union (Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, etc.).
Why do they leave their countries?!
Economic reasons (classic, very well known ones)
The existence of an organized and massive demand on the Western labour market.
The economic gap between the countries of origin and the receiving ones, a gap that is reflected by the significantly different salaries offered for the same activity; the high level of personal aspirations is added to the small level of incomes; the former are never correlated to the current possibilities of communication, of information.
Political, social and cultural reasons (with a much deeper impact, and which are very difficult to deal with)
The lack of a common project that may unite them in their own country;
The replacement of all social values with only one value left – money
An exaggerated individualism that has been cultivated and induced during the past few years as a means of interacting with the world
Other reasons
The wish to fulfill a research project
The desire to interact with a broader group of similarly skilled colleagues, to exchange experiences
The major danger?!
The major danger is not the fact that they leave, but that they never come back; this is not about round-trips, but only one-way trips. In December 2007, the Agency for Government Strategy performed a survey among the Romanian emigrants. The first question of this survey is the most frequently asked question in Romania: Will these emigrants ever come back home? The answer does not leave too much room for doubts. Only one third of the inquired people declared that they would like to return in the next two years.
Which are the consequences?!
For the countries of origin
I am going to use two analyzing criteria: the duration (short/long term consequences), and the point of view (individual/societal)
Individual short-term consequences: higher salaries, but also possible discrimination on the ground of their nationality, loss of the existing social capital which the person might have, lack or low social-political involvement (in fact, they usually make no use of their rights)
Individual long-term consequences: higher opportunities of professional and financial achievement, job security, decent level of living including educational opportunities for their children, but also: drafting away from their family and cultural environment
Social short-term consequences: migrant remittances, but also higher costs for the social sustenance and support for the family members left at home (elderly, children), and loss of highly skilled workforce
Social long-term consequences: transfer of the skills and know-how acquired by the returning migrants, and which are applied after their return to their country of origin; and the domestic use of business and trade networks established by migrants abroad, but also: loss of highly skilled professionals; budgetary deficit: the money spent on education is wasted; demographic deficit: the vast majority of those who leave are young, and they take along their children, or they prefer to have children and build families abroad
For the receiving countries
For companies (higher benefits, lower costs, huge interest in supporting such movements)
For professionals (higher competition if self-employed, or lower wages when not)
For the society (lower education costs, higher productivity, better management of the so-called demographic challenge, as long as the age category of most of those who enter the country is of 25-40 years old)
We must also take into account the different society sectors that are affected by this movement (economy, politics, culture, with its complex meaning, and the social sector in the restrictive meaning).
Note: We may thus underline another important feature of the "brain drain" phenomenon: it takes place not only between countries, or different regions of the same country, but also between the public and private sectors: highly skilled professionals, such as academics, researchers, physicians, IT specialists, etc., leave their jobs in the public sector for better-paid jobs in private companies (not necessarily fructifying their real potential and competencies).
There is a horizontal cross-border mobility and a vertical one. Sometimes, the highly skilled professionals leave the country to work on a position (job) that is comparable to the one they had before.
Win-win situations for individuals and companies in receiving countries on the short and long term: highly skilled employees for the companies, higher wages and differences in the quality of life for the individuals
win-win situations (from the societal point of view) – highly skilled workforce for the receiving country - migrant remittances for the country of origin (only on the short run!!!)
lose-win situations: less opportunities for the national workers of the receiving country – more opportunities, higher wages for the immigrants: transfer of the skills and know-how acquired by the returning migrants, and which are applied after their return to their country of origin; and the domestic use of business and trade networks established by migrants abroad
win-lose situations (the most frequent ones): lower education costs, higher productivity, better management of the so-called demographic challenge, etc., for the receiving country - loss of highly skilled professionals; waste of money and time (the money spent on education and the time required to educate other professionals); demographic deficit (the vast majority of those who leave are young, and they take along their children, or they prefer to have children and build families abroad)
lose-lose situations:
a)social and economic: points 3 and 4 combined
b)political: incapacity of expressing their vote, both in the country of origin (because they leave it) and in the receiving country (because they are not yet citizens with a right to vote in that country); this situation leads not only to absenteeism (a loss for society), but primarily to non-representation of their interests as citizens (loss for the individual).
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